This paper reviews existing analyses on AI infrastructure’s energy and climate implications and proposes quantitative scenario-based frameworks, highlighting key research challenges at the intersection of AI-driven energy demand, region-specific clean energy strategies and their economic competitiveness, strategic levers in energy sourcing decisions, and policy dynamics.

Many countries, subnational jurisdictions, and companies are setting net-zero emissions goals; however, questions remain about strategies to reach these targets, policy measures, technology gaps, a

This chapter most strongly aligns with SDG 13 (Climate Action) as it emphasizes integrated biotechnological solutions for climate resilience and environmental sustainability, while also supporting clean energy, biodiversity conservation, and water security.

The combination of climate change, growing population, and development of urbanization has exacerbated the existing water resources crisis.

The growing global demand for freshwater has intensified research into energy-efficient desalination technologies.

The chemical industry must undergo a dual transformation: electrifying energy use and defossilizing carbon feedstocks. This paper, developed by ENGIEs Scientific Council, examines how energy and chemistry can converge to enable this shift.

This perspective explores the idea of the “Earth Grid,” which proposes an intercontinental electric grid facilitated by three technological advancements: enhanced information and communication technology (ICT) applications in the electric grid, development of inter-country grids for power-sharing, and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) for efficient operation and maintenance.