Afghanistan faces severe food insecurity, with millions suffering hunger and malnutrition, especially children, due to economic hardship, climate change, and poor infrastructure. Improving agricultural practices, healthcare, and safety standards is crucial for enhancing the country's food security and well-being.

This study explores the food and nutrition security practices among artisanal and small-scale mining communities in Nigeria, revealing both strengths, such as access to local foods and purchasing power, and significant challenges, including meal skipping, poor water quality, and limited healthcare access. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive interventions to improve nutrition, healthcare infrastructure, and social protection, which are essential for the well-being and sustainable development of these mining communities.

This chapter most strongly aligns with SDG 13 (Climate Action) as it emphasizes integrated biotechnological solutions for climate resilience and environmental sustainability, while also supporting clean energy, biodiversity conservation, and water security.

The combination of climate change, growing population, and development of urbanization has exacerbated the existing water resources crisis.

This research underscores the potential of aquaponic systems to contribute to sustainable urban food production while emphasizing the importance of stringent water quality and hygiene practices to ensure food safety in global food systems.

This review highlights how the nature crisis, particularly climate change, is reshaping the distribution and intensity of diseases, posing significant challenges for global and local health policies. It underscores the urgent need for adaptive, multidisciplinary health strategies that address vulnerable populations and prioritize mitigation efforts to build a sustainable relationship between humans and nature.

This chapter directly supports SDG 15 (Life on Land) by demonstrating how soil microorganisms are fundamental to terrestrial ecosystem health and biodiversity conservation. The research emphasizes that preserving soil microbial diversity is essential for sustainable land management and ecosystem resilience, which aligns with SDG 15's focus on protecting and restoring terrestrial ecosystems. The chapter also connects to SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) through its emphasis on how soil microorganisms enhance nutrient availability and promote plant growth, particularly in the rhizosphere. The microbial processes in nutrient cycling, including carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles, are essential for sustainable agriculture and crop productivity. The findings underscore that maintaining soil health through microbial diversity is vital for food security.

Celebrated annually on October 16, World Food Day is a key global event focused on raising awareness about food security and hunger.

This viewpoint offers insights on policy to improve diet quality, that resonate not only in Bangladesh but also across other countries navigating similar transitions.