World Alzheimer’s Day 2022

This book chapter advances SDG 3 and 10 by presenting that (1) some of these depression scales do not correlate, suggesting that they assess different aspects of depression; (2) reports of depression in dementia vary based on depression in dementia scale used; and (3) severe memory impairment may impact the ability to assess depression in the patients using self-reports.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by providing therapeutic strategies that can be employed in clinical trials for AD in DS will be discussed as well as their underlying scientific rationale.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by providing a brief history of PET imaging and the radiotracers that have had a significant impact for measuring the three signature AD-related neuropathologies related to AD and provides an overview of the research utilizing PET imaging in the DS population

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by discussing the advantages of performing genetic studies in people with DS, and then discussing the role of reported genes that are known to be associated with AD risk in adults with DS or in the general population. It also discusses how future longitudinal multiomic and imaging study can enhance our understanding of the biology of AD.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by discussing the operational aspects of deep learning solutions for Alzheimer’s disease, including the review of the advantages and limitations of using deep learning, and future directions on the applications of deep learning to Alzheimer’s disease.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by systematically appraises the concepts and promising benefits of AI technology within healthcare for AD risk prediction across communities, and its possible concerns to be tackled prior to large-scale implementation.

In the next 30 years, Alzheimer’s disease cases are predicted to drastically increase. Consequently, there is a critical need for research that can counteract the increasing number of Alzheimer’s disease patients. However, current methods of Alzheimer’s disease research have significant limitations. For example, Alzheimer’s disease research is often restricted by resource, temporal, and recruitment barriers (e.g., participant dropout). Unlike standard research, big data analysis is excellent at investigating complex long-term phenomena such as Alzheimer’s disease.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by providing evidence that behavioral treatments are more effective than most pharmacological therapies at managing depression in Alzheimer’s disease.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by stressing that a population health approach and a focus on promoting equity in health and access to care are critical to reducing the risk of AD and other dementias.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by presenting that (1) some of these depression scales do not correlate, suggesting that they assess different aspects of depression; (2) reports of depression in dementia vary based on depression in dementia scale used; and (3) severe memory impairment may impact the ability to assess depression in the patients using self-reports.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by reviewing the extant literature on autophagy in AD and covers recent progress on the molecular mechanisms of NAD+-dependent mitophagy/autophagy regulation and mechanisms underlying the anti-AD potential of NAD+. Further studies to define the NAD+-mitophagy/autophagy axis may shed light on novel therapeutics to treat AD and potentially provide insights into other neurodegenerative diseases.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by reviewing the use of nonhuman primates as a viable model of aging and neurodegeneration research.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by reviewing deep brain stimulation as a treatment for AD patients, reviewing the recent studies and issues associated with the treatment.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by outlining how both the asymptomatic and symptomatic predementia phases of AD, amyloid positivity using amyloid PET imaging could predict progression to AD dementia. Amyloid PET imaging can identify the status of Aβ deposition in the underlying AD pathophysiology, increase diagnostic certainty, and alter management. This approach could improve the diagnose and management for patients with memory loss or cognitive dysfunction.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by focusing on providing a brief overview of genes associated with sporadic (late-onset) Alzheimer's disease (AD).

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by reviewing background on neurocognitive disorders, approaches to diagnosis, and management of several of the more problematic psychiatric complications of dementia. Disorders reviewed include AD, vascular dementia, Lewy body disease, and frontotemporal dementia. Psychiatric symptoms reviewed include apathy, agitation, psychosis, depression, and anxiety.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by providing an overview of natural AChE inhibitors extracted from plants and their therapeutic potential to treat AD.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by reviewing neural regeneration–based therapeutic approaches as it represents a highly promising therapeutic strategy for AD, including research that CNTF small-molecule peptide mimetic has demonstrated that neural regeneration–based strategy can also be disease modifying for AD.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by reviewing the observed epidemiological links between normal and abnormal diurnal and seasonal rhythmicity, cognitive impairment, and ADRD. Then reviewing normal diurnal and seasonal rhythms of brain epigenetic modification and gene expression in model organisms. Finally, reviewing evidence for diurnal and seasonal rhythms of epigenetic modification and gene expression the human brain in aging, Alzheimer's disease, and other brain disorders.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by reviewing studies that showed treatments with multiple sessions of rTMS can influence cognition in people with neurodegenerative diseases. The chapter also considers novel therapeutic approaches based on the clinical use of rTMS.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by providing a brief outline of AD epidemiology, the definition of an AD biomarker, the classification and features of AD, and AD risk factors, followed by a description of the structure and content of each of the following chapters and their focus on specific types of AD biomarkers.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by focusing on an emblematic delayed-onset pathology often seen after traumatic brain injury—Alzheimer’s disease—and explain its relationship with chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by introducing the basic foundation of aging, dementia and Alzheimer Disease, including clinical presentation, diagnosis and epidemiology.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by outlining the pathophysiology associated with Alzheimer’s disease and provide an overview of the impact of exercise programs on cognition, physical functional abilities, behavioral, and psychological symptoms and quality of life.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by focusing on mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), especially the 5xFAD line.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by reviewing the latest developments in the field of clinical diagnosis and pharmacotherapeutics have provided hope to ameliorate the behavioral changes and cognitive disturbances associated with the disease.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by highlighting a few newly updated nano drug delivery technologies implemented in Alzheimer’s disease therapies and prospects for the future regarding potential molecular mechanisms of nano drug delivery methods

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by reviewing several key topics that influence our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and lead to the identification of novel therapeutic strategies. These include the diagnostic spectrum of MCI and AD, genetic risk alleles associated with late-onset AD, structures of gamma-secretase and tau, imaging and fluid biomarkers, the role of microglia and neuroinflammation, and novel animal models of AD.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by reviewing the risk factors for Alzheimer’s Disease, including normal aging, diet, sedentary lifestyle, sleep disturbances, genes [amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), PSEN2, and APOE], environmental factors, and epigenetic factors.

This book chapter advances SDG #3 and #10 by focusing on polyphenols and flavonoids and their crucial role in decreasing AD symptoms. In addition, it highlights the neuroprotective role of various essential ingredients of plant extracts such as Icariside, Onjisaponin B, Asarones, Liquiritin, Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) and cryptotanshinone (CT), Ginsenoside Rg1, and n-Butylidenephthalide. The efficacy of green nanotechnology are also discussed.

An article on dementia and Alzheimer's disease costs, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on the economic costs of care in Europe.

This research provides the first evidence of AD-related Aβ pathology outside the brain. Lens Aβ can be noninvasively measured in vivo for early AD detection and monitoring.

The results of this study suggest that trans-UCA facilitates spatial memory in the Y-maze test and OLR task and may offer therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease (AD).

The importance of a good social network in times of stress for people with Alzheimer's Disease.

An Article on dementia risk factors, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on whether cardiac multimorbidity increases dementia risk.

People living with dementia are capable of managing novel activities in collaboration with other people living with dementia.

This article addresses supporting those with late-stage dementia to maintain quality of life.

This paper reveals effective etiological capabilities of theranostic F-SLOH to target and intervene multiple neuropathological changes in AD mouse models. Therefore, F-SLOH demonstrates tremendous therapeutic potential for treating AD in its early stage.

An article on interventions for people with mild dementia, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on the benefits and cost-effectiveness of the Journeying through Dementia intervention in England.

Genistein is a phytoestrogen that, due to its structural similarity with estrogen, can both mimic and antagonize estrogen effects. Early analysis proved that at high concentrations, genistein inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation, thereby suggesting an anticancer activity. Since then, many discoveries have identified the genistein mechanism of action, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, as well as angiogenesis, and metastasis inhibition.

This article explores whether operations for carotid artery diseases reduce the risk of dementia.

An article on Alzheimer's disease progression, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on the dynamics of soluble TREM2 and its association with amyloid and tau markers, neuroimaging features, and cognition.

An article on dementia risk, in the context of SDGs 3 and 10, focusing specifically on the association between ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation, and dementia risk.

In vitro and in vivo studies showed that melatonin therapy is effective against AD. The emerging novel melatonin-based therapies are potential treatment options in AD.

An article on global spending of dementia care, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on modelling global and regional estimates from 2000 to 2019 and expected future scenarios from 2020 to 2050.

An article on air pollution and cognitive decline, in the context of SDGs 3 and 11, focusing specifically on the association between exposure to outdoor air pollutants and cognitive performance.

An article on comorbid dementia and depression, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on the effectiveness of music interventions on depressive symptoms for people with dementia.

An article on Alzheimer's disease risk, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on the association between health conditions diagnosed in primary care and incident Alzheimer's disease.

This article addresses ways to share the burden of care for those with dementia.

Mental health condition diagnoses were associated with other underlying chronic health conditions and a modestly increased risk of a range of adverse outcomes. The findings suggested that mental health conditions are an important risk factor in adverse maternal outcomes.

An article on the global prevalence of dementia, in the context of SGD 3, focusing specifically on forecasting country-level estimates of dementia prevalence attributable to high BMI, high fasting glucose, and smoking, from 2019 to 2050.

Higher dietary fiber intake is associated with improved specific components of cognitive function in older adults aged 60 years and older. 

An article on treatment for Alzheimer's disease, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on whether an angiotensin II receptor antagonist can reduce brain volume loss.

An article, in the context of SDG 3, analysing the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias across a range of hospital-treated bacterial and viral infections in two large cohorts.

Alzheimer's disease is a strong predictor in survival after hip fracture surgery.

Reelin deficiency when combined with AD risk-factors produced consistent impairments in spatial memory tasks. Furthermore, the results further implicate Reelin’s importance in both HF homeostasis and AD pathogenesis.

An article on the pathology of Alzheimer's disease, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on the potential use of an anti-cancer drug to modulate cerebrovascular angiogenesis as an alternative therapeutic strategy.

An article on the detrimental effects of COVID-19 isolation on the cognitive and mental health of people with dementia, in the context of SDGs 3 and 10, highlighting the need for guidance that balances infection control measures with principles of non-maleficence to appropriately care for this patient group.

Hypotheses for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are described in this paper. The review is intended to be a basic and encyclopedic short insight into metals in AD and discusses the advances in chelation strategies and developments adopted in the treatment of the disease.

Background: People with dementia die prematurely. Identifying differences in mortality rates between different types of dementia might aid in the development of preventive interventions for the most vulnerable populations. The aim of this study was to compare the difference in mortality rates between individuals without dementia and individuals with various types of dementia.

An article on dementia risk factors, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on the association between blood lipid levels and dementia.

An article in support of SDG 3, estimating that 3.69 million people had Alzheimer's disease or other dementias in India in 2019, with prevalence rapidly increasing in those older than 60 years.

An article on cognitive assessment in dementia, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on the predictive accuracy of alternative definitions of cognitive impairment.

An article on dementia risk factors, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on the association between common infections and dementia.

A review on dementia in low-income and middle-income countries, in the context of SDGs 3 and 10, focusing specifically on culturally appropriate treatments and the need for more effectiveness trials on adapted interventions.

The article examines the link between physical activity earlier in life and a lower risk of dementia later in life.

An article on the long-term risk of dementia, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on the association between dementia onset and reduced participation in cognitive and social activities.

Background: Circadian disturbances are commonly seen in people with Alzheimer's disease and have been reported in individuals without symptoms of dementia but with Alzheimer's pathology. We aimed to assess the temporal relationship between circadian disturbances and Alzheimer's progression. Methods: We did a prospective cohort study of 1401 healthy older adults (aged >59 years) enrolled in the Rush Memory and Aging Project (Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA) who had been followed up for up to 15 years.

An article on the prevalence, risk factors, and management of dementia in older adults in China, in the context of SDG 3, highlighting the need for the development of a prevention strategy and optimising clinical management.

An article on dementia incidence, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on the association between physical frailty and all-cause dementia in the UK.

A Commission on dementia prevention, intervention, and care, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on individual-level and policy-level interventions for modifying risk factors to prevent or delay onset, tackling inequalities, providing holistic post-diagnostic care, managing neuropsychiatric symptoms, and caring for family carers.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are distinct clinical entities; however, the aggregation of key neuronal proteins, presumably leading to neuronal demise appears to represent a common mechanism. It has become evident that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) trigger the accumulation of such modified proteins, which eventually contributes to the pathological aspect of NDDs. Increased levels of AGEs are found in amyloid plaques in AD brains and in both advanced and early PD (incidental Lewy body disease). The molecular mechanisms by which AGE dependent modifications may modulate the susceptibility towards NDDs, however, remain enigmatic and it is unclear whether AGEs may serve as biomarker of NDD. This study detected differential associations between NDD, sex and oxidative stress markers.

An article on the natural history of Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome, in the context of SDGs 3 and 10, focusing specifically on the order and timing of biomarker changes in this population.

An article in support of SDG 3, assessing whether and to what extent existing dementia prevention models developed in high-income countries can be extrapolated to low-income and middle-income countries, where dementia risk prediction research is almost non-existent.

Clinicians increasingly face the challenge of caring for patients who say that they would prefer death to life with advanced dementia.

An investigation demonstrating a way to support the well-being of people with dementia.

This research provides the first evidence of AD-related Aβ pathology outside the brain. Lens Aβ can be noninvasively measured in vivo for early AD detection and monitoring.

An Article on dementia risk factors, in the context of SDG 3, focusing specifically on whether cardiac multimorbidity increases dementia risk.

Proteasome function is impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Proteasome activation is followed by a decrease in amyloid-beta (Aβ) load. A reduced amount of Aβ correlates with significantly improved behavior and frailty level. Proteasome activation represents a promising intervention for alleviating AD pathology.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading neurodegenerative pathology associated with aging worldwide. It is estimated that AD prevalence will increase from 5.8 million people today to 13.8 million by 2050 in the United States alone. AD effects in the brain are well known; however, there is still a lack of knowledge about the cellular mechanisms behind the origin of AD. It is known that AD induces cellular stress affecting the energy metabolism in brain cells.

Worldwide, individuals are living longer. This population aging is associated with an anticipated increase in the burden of the leading causes of death in modern societies — chronic, degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular, kidney and Alzheimer's disease — which is largely driven by age-related declines in physiological function. Engaging in healthy lifestyle practices that preserve physiological function with age has important implications for reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality and preserving healthspan — the period of an individual's life when one is generally healthy and devoid of serious chronic disorders. In this regard, regular exercise and physical activity are considered key “first line” strategies for healthy aging.

Tauopathies are neurological disorders characterized by intracellular tau deposits forming neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, or other disease-specific aggregates composed of the protein tau. Tauopathy disorders include frontotemporal lobar degeneration, corticobasal degeneration, Pick’s disease, and the largest cause of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease. The lack of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies to address tauopathies remains a critical unmet need in dementia care. Thus, novel broad-spectrum tau-targeted therapeutics could have a profound impact in multiple tauopathy disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. Here we have designed a drug discovery paradigm to identify inhibitors of the pathological tau-enabling protein, MSUT2. We previously showed that activity of the RNA-binding protein MSUT2 drives tauopathy, including tau-mediated neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction, in mouse models. Thus, we hypothesized that MSUT2 inhibitors could be therapeutic for tauopathy disorders.

This paper summarizes the literature findings regarding the most widely and consistently accepted diagnostic biomarkers of the f Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum according to ATN classification. It examined their diagnostic accuracy for AD in comparison with healthy elderly controls and those with other types of dementias and also discussed their limitations and the reasons behind their limited use in routine clinical settings. Moreover, new research avenues in developing biomarkers were also presented.

This review article examines the various types of diagnostic biomarkers which are used in the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease and summerizes the A/T/N classification system for Alzheimer’s biomarkers and its use in the biomarker-based diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore it reviews the use of structural MRI, 18F-FDG PET, Amyloid PET, Tau PET, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and the emerging role of plasma biomarkers in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. In doing so the authors discuss each biomarkers correlation with pathologic findings, ability to distinguish Alzheimer’s disease from healthy aging, ability to distinguish Alzheimer’s disease from other neurodegenerative diseases, role in A/T/N classification system, and limitations of each biomarker.

Change point analysis can reveal when a biomarker starts to diverge from the pattern of normal aging. This paper analyzes several biomarkers from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) to estimate the sequence and timing of their change points relative to a subsequent clinical diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in subjects initially considered cognitively normal (CN).