Renewable energy adoption with business-to-consumer approach in Africa

Africa faces a persistent energy crisis, with most of its population lacking access to clean, stable, affordable energy. This study investigates renewable energy (RE) payment programs to improve accessibility for Africa's low- and middle-income households. Using stakeholder analysis, it evaluates business-to-consumer (B2C) payment schemes, such as pay-as-you-go (PAYG), peer-to-peer (P2P), and crowdfunding (CF). Findings reveal that over 100 businesses have provided affordable small-scale RE solutions annually since 2008, driven by growing awareness and flexibility in payment options. However, challenges remain in rural areas where RE adoption must compete with cheaper biomass and fossil fuels. To address these barriers, the study proposes a B2C RE framework tailored to the unique needs of underserved communities, offering strategic guidance for small RE businesses to enhance accessibility and adoption. This framework facilitates faster RE adoption and supports achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7) by improving energy affordability and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The findings provide new insights into scaling RE solutions and advancing a just energy transition in Africa. This research contributes to the global effort to meet net-zero targets and accelerate sustainable development by addressing key barriers and leveraging innovative business models.