This chapter explores the complex relationship between water and society through various theoretical frameworks, emphasizing the concept of “coupled human-water systems” (CHWSs). Recognizing that water and social systems coevolve across multiple scales, the chapter highlights how understanding these interconnected systems is vital for promoting sustainable urban development (SDG 11) and ensuring healthy, resilient communities (SDG 3). By analyzing past, present, and future system dynamics, the chapter aims to inform policies and actions that foster sustainable water management, reduce health risks, and support resilient infrastructure—key elements for advancing both SDG 11 and SDG 3.