An overview on pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease

Due to the aging population, both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are degenerative brain disorders that are now recognized as important public health issues. Even though it is well recognized that nutrition has a substantial influence on the prevention and progression of AD, there are currently little and disputed literature data available. Amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle aggregation are the hallmarks of AD. The plaques resemble tiny spheres, and the lesions are circular, with an extracellular amyloid beta-peptide core around by increased axonal terminals. AD must be neuropathologically diagnosed to show senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The number of neurofibrillary tangles is substantially connected with dementia severity, suggesting that neuronal dysfunction more directly relates to neurofibrillary tangle growth. There is little research that looks at the distribution of macronutrients in the diet and generalizations about nutrition. Most studies support the idea that elderly dietary recommendations should also be followed by people with AD because this condition frequently affects people over 65. The complexity of PD is influenced by both inherited and environmental variables. Aging is the main risk factor for PD, with a median onset age of 60. The diagnosis of PD is often made entirely based on the patient's medical history and physical examination, despite recent advances in our understanding of the disease processes. Epidemiological study has connected eating foods high in carotenoids and beta-carotene to a decreased prevalence of PD, despite the paucity of evidence on therapeutic treatments and the function of diet in PD in the literature. Therefore, in this chapter, we have thoroughly emphasized the pathophysiology along with sign and symptoms and therapeutic interventions of both AD and PD.