Graphene-based biosensing platforms for early detection of Alzheimer's disease: Advances, mechanisms, and future directions

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent type of neurodegenerative dementia, is becoming a major global health concern because of its progressive nature and the lack of reliable early detection methods. The remarkable electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties of graphene and its derivatives have drawn interest recently as promising materials for biosensing applications. In this review, we highlight the latest developments in graphene-based biosensing platforms designed for the early detection of AD biomarkers, such as tau proteins, amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, and associated neurotransmitters. The processes that enable graphene to detect these biomarkers with high sensitivity, selectivity, and biocompatibility are investigated. We review functionalization techniques, electrochemical, optical, and field-effect transduction types, and integration with wearable and microfluidic systems. We also discuss future directions for developing trustworthy, point-of-care diagnostic tools and address current issues like sensor stability, validation with real samples, and clinical applicability. The substantial potential of graphene-based biosensors to revolutionize early AD detection and enable prompt treatment is highlighted in this review.