From a global standpoint, the interplay between air quality and climate change represents a critical environmental issue, with profound implications for health, ecosystems, and economies across the planet. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the complex interplay between air pollution and climate change, examining their sources, impacts, and strategies for mitigation. It delves into the direct and indirect health effects of air pollutants and greenhouse gases, emphasizing the vulnerabilities of different populations.

Algal biodiesels have emerged as a promising renewable energy source with numerous advantages over conventional fossil fuels. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of diverse production processes, drawbacks, and benefits of the algal biofuel production process while also critically assessing the potential gaps in the field. With a plethora of advantages like cost-effectiveness, nutrient cycling, yield benefits, sustainability, and versatility required for commercial usage, several challenges are yet to be addressed for effective implementation.