This article calls for a closer examination of health equity regarding the disparities and inequities in health care among marginalized and vulnerable populations.
The study found that premature mortality risk is highest among individuals with both low income and high-risk health behaviors, with a clear income gradient observed across all risk factor levels. These results emphasize the importance of targeted public health strategies and resource allocation to lower-income groups to reduce health inequities and prevent premature deaths.
The aims of this study were: (1) to examine BLLs in the Canadian general population and vulnerable sub-populations between 2007 and 2013 using data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS); and (2) to assess factors that are associated with elevated BLLs in these populations.


